Ciudadela de Pamplona (Citadel of Pamplona), Pamplona (must see)

The Citadel of Pamplona stands as a remarkable Renaissance fortification in the shape of a pentagon, adorned with bastions and ravelins. Initiated by Philip II under the guidance of the military engineer Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino, known as "El Fratín," the Citadel's construction began in 1571.

Originally conceived as a defensive stronghold to protect Pamplona from French incursions, the Citadel is hailed as one of the most outstanding examples of military architecture from the Spanish Renaissance era. Its strategic design and imposing structure have earned it recognition as one of the premier defensive complexes in Europe.

Over the centuries, the Citadel has evolved from its original military purpose to become a vibrant public space for cultural and leisure activities. In 1964, it was transferred to the Pamplona City Council, paving the way for its transformation into a public cultural and recreational area. Covering an expansive area of 280,000 square meters, the Citadel encompasses pavilions, moats, bastions, ravelins, and smaller buildings, which now serve as public venues for leisure, sports, and cultural events.

Today, the Citadel complex and its surrounding Castle Vault represent the largest green space in Pamplona, offering a serene oasis amidst the bustling cityscape. The Citadel's expansive grounds host a diverse array of recreational activities and cultural events, attracting residents and tourists seeking respite and entertainment. Additionally, the Citadel's grounds feature an impressive collection of sculptures by renowned artists such as Oteiza, Aizkorbe, Sada, JA Eslava, Orella, Larrea, Aguirre, Basterretxea, Anda, and Gabino, further enhancing its status as a cultural hub and a testament to Pamplona's rich artistic heritage.