Clifford's Tower, York (must see)

Clifford's Tower in York is a historical site steeped in a rich and tumultuous past. It stands as the largest surviving part of York Castle, which was once northern England's most formidable medieval royal fortress. The tower has recently been enhanced with a significant update in 2022, which includes a dramatic roof deck, internal walkways, and a soundscape interpretation that narrates the tower's compelling history like never before. These new features make its history and interior more accessible, providing a vivid account of its dramatic and sometimes tragic events.

Originally constructed by William the Conqueror in 1068-69, Clifford's Tower was built to assert control over the rebellious north. The tower has endured multiple devastations, having been burned down twice before being reconstructed by Henry III in the 13th century. It is named after a particularly dark event where Roger de Clifford was executed for treason against Edward II and displayed on the tower walls.

Today, the tower's stone structure, dating from the late 13th century, invites visitors to explore its multifaceted history. The site is not only significant for its military and royal associations but also as a tragic site of the 1190 massacre of about 150 Jews who sought refuge there. Visitors can climb to the top of the tower to walk the open-air wall that guards once patrolled, offering unparalleled views of York, including the Old Minister, the North York Moors, and other remnants of York Castle.

From this vantage point, one can also view the "Eye of York"—a collection of buildings that includes the Female Prison, Debtor's Prison, and the Assize Courts, enhancing the understanding of York's historical and architectural development. The panoramic views from the tower make it an ideal starting point for anyone visiting the city.

The ground floor of Clifford's Tower, once the royal exchequer, now invites visitors to explore its history. A tactile model in the courtyard showcases its unique, possibly French-inspired four-lobed architecture. The first floor features a richly decorated chapel, formerly private apartments. Historically, the tower has served as a prison and royal mint, and it was here that the infamous highwayman Dick Turpin was identified, leading to his execution in 1739.