Museum of the Romanian Peasantry, Bucharest

The Museum of the Romanian Peasantry is a museum in Bucharest, Romania which displays a collection of textiles (especially costumes), icons, ceramics, and other artifacts related to the life of Romanian peasants. One of Europe's leading museums of popular arts and traditions, it was designated "European Museum of the Year" for 1996. Located on Şoseaua Kiseleff, near Piaţa Victoriei, the museum operates under the patronage of the Romanian Ministry of Culture. Its collection comprises over 100,000 exhibits.

Founded in the 1930s and originally managed by Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaş, the museum was reopened on February 5, 1990, a mere six weeks after the downfall and execution of Nicolae Ceauşescu. During the Communist era, the building housed a museum dedicated to the country's Communist party; its basement still contains a room featuring an ironic display of some artifacts from that period. The building itself, bearing traditional Romanian architectural elements, occupies the former site of the State Mint. The museum was devastated during the June 1990 Mineriad, being confused with the headquarters of the National Peasants' Party. One of the museum's most famous exhibits — the original work of Tzigara-Samurcaş — is "the house in the house" featuring the house originally belonging to peasant Antonie Mogos of Ceauru village in Gorj County. Initially, the house was displayed in a non-naturalistic way: objects, that would normally be part of the interior, were put outside; the outbuildings were suggested only by fragments. The Communist regime displayed the house much more conventionally, outdoors at the Village Museum; it returned to the Peasant Museum in 2002. The current display at the Peasant Museum revives the original non-naturalistic approach. For example, from a platform, visitors may peer into the attic, part of whose wall is removed, and see various objects located inside.

In 2002, the museum exhibition space was considerably expanded after its storage and offices had moved into a new building at the back, thus vacating a considerable amount of floor space for the exhibition.