Rocca Maggiore (Major Fortress), Assisi (must see)

Perched high above the town, the Major Fortress, or Rocca Maggiore, has a history dating back to Charlemagne, who is said to have erected the initial defensive walls here after sacking the town. The structure we see today, with its imposing towers, battlements, and turrets, owes much of its appearance to Cardinal Albornoz. Arriving to assert papal authority in 1367, he undertook the task of restoring an earlier castle that had been damaged by repeated clashes with Perugia. Legend has it that the castle's clerical governors administered justice by hanging criminals from the battlements or by tossing them out of castle windows into the ravine below.

The medieval streets winding up to the fortress from the Cathedral are among the quietest in Assisi, partly due to their steep inclines and distance from tourist hotspots. However, rest assured that the climb is well worth the effort. Once at the top, the lush surroundings offer an ideal spot for a picnic, and the panoramic views stretch across Assisi, Perugia, and the Spoleto Valley, all the way to Montefalco and the Martani mountains. Be prepared for a bit of a trek, though—wear comfortable shoes and bring along some water.