Tempio dei Dioscuri (Temple of Castor and Pollux), Rome

The Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum was dedicated to the Dioscuri, twin sons of the god Jupiter (also known as Zeus) and the mortal woman Leda. The brothers were known for their horsemanship, military skill, and loyalty.

The cult of Castor and Pollux was introduced to Rome from Greece, and their temple was originally constructed to commemorate the Roman victory at the Battle of Lake Regillus in 495 BC. According to legend, the twins miraculously appeared on the battlefield, fighting for the Romans. After the battle, they were seen watering their horses at the Spring of Juturna in the Forum, thus marking the spot where their temple was built later. The temple was officially dedicated on July 15, 484 BC.

The Dioscuri symbolized Roman virtues such as courage, loyalty, and strength, making them ideal patrons for the Roman knights (called “equites”). Their blond, curly hair and white horses further contributed to their association with youthful vigor and military prowess.

Throughout the Republican period, the temple served various civic functions, including as a meeting place for the Senate and a speaker’s platform. Later, under the Imperial period, it became a center for official government functions, the State treasury, and weights and measures regulation. Evidence even suggests that one of its chambers may have been used by a dentist.

Over time, the temple underwent several reconstructions. The first major renovation occurred in 117 BC after a military victory over the Dalmatians. After being destroyed by fire in 14 BC, it was rebuilt by Tiberius, the adopted son of Emperor Augustus, and was rededicated in 6 AD. This version, featuring Corinthian columns and a large podium, is the one whose remains are visible today. During the Imperial era, Castor and Pollux were closely associated with the imperial family, particularly with Gaius and Lucius Caesar, as well as Tiberius and Drusus.

By the 4th century AD, the temple was likely falling into disrepair as Christianity replaced pagan worship. By the 15th century, only three Corinthian columns remained standing, leading to the nearby street being nicknamed "The Road of Three Pillars." In 1760, preservation efforts were made to prevent their collapse.

Today, the three towering columns and remains of the podium make the Temple of Castor and Pollux one of the most recognizable ruins in the Roman Forum. Though the temple itself is mostly gone, statues of the Dioscuri still stand in Campidoglio Square, guarding the steps leading up to Capitoline Hill.